The Definition of Command to Line-Of-Sight (CLOS) is a type of Missile (or Bomb) Guidance where a ground station (or aircraft) relay signals to a guided missile via radio control (or possibly through a wire connecting the missile to the launcher) and tells the missile where to steer in order to intercept its target.
Command to Line-Of-Sight (CLOS) Guidance is the oldest and original form of precision guidance for a weapon, first developed and used (with successes) during World War II on the Fritz X Guided Anti-Ship Glide Bomb and forms of this guidance are still used widely today.
Many of you will be familiar with the Command to Line-Of-Sight (CLOS) Guidance Concept on many of our Guided Anti-Tank Missiles ingame such as the TOW, MILAN, HJ-8, ERYX, etc. But as of yet, none of our Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs) have had CLOS Guidance ingame, and instead have only used the standard Infrared/Radar Homing Guidance, where you lock onto the target, fire, and the missile does the rest, as best it can.
While Command to Line-Of-Sight (CLOS) Guidance for Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs) on the face of it may sound like a really bad idea, there are quite a few advantages to it, as well as some of the obvious disadvantages.
CLOS Advantages
- No "Lock-On" Delay until you can fire the missile at the target.
- No Missile Tracking/Locked Warning given to the aircraft, the only sign that you're being engaged is of the possible sighting of the missile being launched and/or it flying towards you.
- Flares and most other countermeasures have no affect on the missiles guidance. However in reality their are special radio wave jammers that can jam the signal to some CLOS weapons, but there is nothing ingame that can affect them.
- You can potentially use the weapon against ground targets as an AT weapon with veritable damage rates depending on the missile.
- Battlefield obscurants, such as smoke, can degrade the ability of the missile operator to see the target and as such, engage it.
- The "skill level" of the operator is critical since, unlike infra-red guided missiles, the operator has to track the target exactly with the sighting unit. If the aircraft detects or predicts the missile launch, it has the whole period of the missile flight time to engage in avoidance manoeuvres, which adds additional challenge to the missile operator's target-tracking task.
One of the main conflicts CLOS SAM Systems were used was in the 1982 Falklands (/Malvinas) War, where they were largely fielded by both sides throughout the conflict on a number of different platforms. With the upcoming v1.4 update, including the full integration of PR:Falklands we have managed to create three (3) of these CLOS SAM Systems used during the war, complete with ingame CLOS Guidance! These include the Tigercat SAM, the GWS-24 Sea Cat SAM and the Blowpipe Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS). Although we are only going to be showing you the Tigercat and Blowpipe Systems today (along with the Stormer and Tunguska being updated with CLOS), the GWS-24 Sea Cat we will be showing off in a few days time so keep your eyes open for that!
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Tigercat SAM
Design & Info
The Tigercat SAM System is a land-based, mobile version of the Sea Cat (the original Naval version used on ships), developed by Shorts in the mid 1960's. Based on a three-round, trailer-mounted launcher towed by a Land Rover, and a second trailer carrying the fire control equipment. Once in position, the launcher and director are set up, levelled on jacks and connected to each other by cable links. The director consists of a control officers console and a pedestal director, which has a powerful binocular sight. Once a target has been acquired and identified, the operator launches a missile and guides it along the line of site to the target by means of a joystick, command inputs being passed by radio link.
The Tigercat Missile is identical with the Sea Cat Missile with only the firing platforms being unique. The Tigercat (/ Sea Cat) missile, is a stumpy, sub-sonic missile powered by a two-stage solid fuel rocket motor. It is steered in flight by four swept, cruciformly arranged wings and is stabilised by four small tail fins.
Highly successful firing trials by the RAF Regiment began on November 16, 1967. Tigercat was used exclusively within the British Armed Forces by the 48th Squadron RAF Regiment between 1967 and 1978 with 12 Launcher Units. But by the 1980's the Tigercat was seen as obsolete due to increasing speed of high flying, supersonic aircraft. In these cases, the manually guided subsonic missile was totally unsuited to all but head-on interceptions and then only with adequate warning and all were eventually replaced in British service by the new Rapier SAM.
Tigercat SAM Systems were (and some still are), also operated by India, Iran, Jordan, South Africa, Qatar and Argentina.
Argentina deployed the Tigercat operationally during the Falklands conflict. No kills or any kind of success were initially believed to have been achieved by the marine-manned Tigercats, but according to a more recent report, a Tigercat missile scored a near-miss on the 12th of June, which scored substantial damage to RAF Harrier GR.3 (XW 919), and spraying the local powerhouse roof with shrapnel, leaving the aircraft with category 4 damage while attacking Argentinian artillery positions on Sapper Hill. But nevertheless, with the plane's aft fuselage on fire, the pilot succeeded in landing her safely back on the deck of HMS Hermes. A Tigercat missile is also somewhat believed to have defeated the first British attempt to use laser-guided Paveway II bombs on 31 May 1982, apparently destroying one of the recently delivered 'smart bombs' launched, while in mid-flight. But there is no solid evidence for this claim has been found and it is also thought that the ground based designator, turned on his laser designator too soon, making the bomb fall short of its target instead. A total of 7 launchers were captured by the British by the end of the conflict, some being ex-RAF units bought by Argentina only a few years before the conflict began.
In-Game
This weapons system will be used by both the Argentina and British, 1980's era Factions. Although the British didn't deploy the Tigercat in the 1982 Falklands (/Malvinas) War, they did deploy the Rapier FSA/B SAM system, which was pretty similar to the Tigercat in many ways with both using CLOS Guidance etc, and they had only recently replaced the Tigercat with it with-in the British Armed Forces. So since we don't have a Rapier SAM yet, the Tigercat will be serving as a place holder for it for the time being. You may also see it being used in small numbers by the Modern MEC Faction, since a few Middle Eastern countries still have a few of these systems in service.
While the Tigercat SAM during the Falklands (/Malvinas) War was seriously obsolete and too slow to engage supersonic aircraft other than with head-on interceptions, in-game its combat performance will not be anything like as bad as it was in real life. This is down to a few factors.
Firstly, when engaging the jets flying at low-level, they are not at their top speed, and the missile can, although very slowly, catch up to a Mirage or Dagger flying away. Although if they really floor it, they can sometimes escape out of the view distance before the missile has fully caught up but this all depends on how far away the jet was from the launcher when the missile was launched and what speed they are going. This also makes for awesome moments where the pilot watches this missile slowly creeping up on him from behind as he tries to accelerate away as fast as he can from this swirling terror just behind him!
![Shocked :shock:](./images/smilies/icon_eek.gif)
Secondly, technically speaking in-game this weapon will be using Semi-Automatic Command to Line-Of-Sight (SACLOS) Guidance, where in real life, this weapon only had the most basic Manual Command to Line-Of-Sight (MCLOS) Guidance. The big difference being MCLOS means you have to both visually track, and manually steer the missile with a separate controller onto the target, where SACLOS means you just visually track the target and a computer calculates what moves the missile needs to make to get to where you are aiming it to go. This is party for gameplay reasons, but also because the BF2 Engine has no decent method of simulating MCLOS Guidance.
Thirdly, you will also not have to compensate for things like wind or other factors in-game like you would need to in real life to keep the missile on course, especially for a MCLOS weapon like this.
All in all While this missile system is hard to use, with a bit of practice you can find that in some cases, its easier to score a kill with this than normal IR Missiles due to the advantages listed above. Not to mention you get three missiles to fire off in one go before having to reload
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Credits
Model: [R-CON]lucky.BOY & [R-DEV]Rhino
Texture: [R-DEV]CTRifle & [R-DEV]Rhino
Export: [R-DEV]Rhino
Coding: [R-DEV]Rhino, [R-DEV]Mats391 & [R-CON]Arab
Public Development Topic: [Model] Tigercat SAM (PR:F) [WIP]
Blowpipe MANPADS
We actually showed off our Shorts Blowpipe MANPADS almost two years ago now here:
[Weapon] Shooting Pheasants with a Drainpipe - Project Reality Forums
Nothing much has changed with the weapon itself since then, other than [R-DEV]KaB has done some amazing new animations for this weapon, where before in the video from two years ago, we were having to use the Stinger animations as a place holder. [R-DEV]M42 Zwilling also made a bunch of nice new sounds to fit the new animations.
Credits
Model: [R-DEV]Rhino
Texture: [R-DEV]Rhino
Export: [R-DEV]Rhino
Coding: [R-DEV]Rhino & [R-DEV]Mats391
Animations: [R-DEV]KaB
Sounds [R-DEV]M42 Zwilling & [R-DEV]-=anders=-
Alvis Stormer HVM
Many of you will be familiar with the Alvis Stormer HVM (High Velocity Missile) which has been in PR since v0.8 released in 2008. But since its introduction into PR it has had the standard PR/BF2 Inferred Missile Guidance which was common to all Surface-to-Air Missiles. However in real life, the Starstreak Missile which this fires, uses Semi-Automatic Command to Line-Of-Sight (SACLOS) Guidance. Although unlike most CLOS weapons which receive their commands over either radio or though a connecting wire, the Starstreak is a "Laser Beam Riding" weapon, also known as Semi-Active Laser Homing (SALH), which means the missile is directed by laser beams from the launcher unit, aimed at the target it's engaging.
However the biggest advantage the Starstreak Missile has over any other missile in PR, is its speed. Most Surface-to-Air Missiles, of similar size, have a top speed of around Mach 2 (~700m/s / ~1,500mph). The Starstreak on the other hand has a top speed of "over" Match 4 (1,360m/s / 3,042mph), twice that of most other Surface-to-Air Missiles, also with "Rapid Acceleration", making the job of intercepting fast moving targets far easier. Although unlike real life, where this missile has an "Impact Delay Detonation Mechanism", meaning that at least one of the missile's sub munitions has to hit the target directly for it to cause it any damage, we will instead be giving it a Proximity Fuse. This is for a couple of reasons. Firstly because we simply can't simulate the type of Fire Control Systems the Stormer has in reality to help it get its missiles directly on target and secondly because "server latency" (lag), with fast moving aircraft, makes it incredibly hard to hit them directly since you may see the aircraft in a slightly different location on your screen, to where it actually is on the server. The proximity detonation is also, one of the only ways we can simulate the missile firing off its three sub munition darts at the target, in reality increasing the chances of the missile hitting three fold, which we can't properly simulate.
Another advantage of the weapons massive velocity, means that each sub munition of the missile has enough kinetic energy to penetrate the frontal armour of an IFV, making it a pretty effective weapon against ground vehicles as well as aircraft, although it lacks the armour penetration capabilities of a purpose-built anti-tank guided missile, so it is going to hardly scratch a main battle tank. But this allows the Stormer HVM to double up as both an Anti-Vehicle and Anti-Air, Platform, making it a pretty valuable and versatile asset on the battlefield.
'Note' wrote:Please note that only two of the four missiles launched actually hit the target and we will be removing the recoil of the missile launch which lead to one of the missiles missing, the other was just aimed just in front of the target.
Credits
Model: [R-DEV]Stigger
Texture: [R-DEV]Stigger
Export: [R-DEV]Guedoe
Coding: [R-DEV]Mats391
2K22 Tunguska
The main firing mode on the 2K22 Tunguska for its 9M311 Missiles is a version of CLOS, known as Automatic Command to Line-Of-Sight (ACLOS), which vastly differs from other CLOS guidance systems, since instead of a person directing the missile, the missile is instead directed by a radar and guidance is totally "automatic", with the computer sending commands to the missile by radio, on where it needs to turn to intercept its radar lock and all the actual gunner has to do is require the lock with the radar and fire the missile. As such we will be still simulating this mode with the standard "lock target and fire" system you are all familiar with in PR and what most other SAM Systems use, which has the disadvantages of still being susceptible to counter measures the aircraft may deploy.
However the Tunguska also has a Semi-Automatic Command to Line-Of-Sight (SACLOS) Guidance Mode, normally used as a backup to the ACLOS Guidance Mode, where the gunner can track the target manually and the commands for the missile calculated by the computer and sent over the radio link to the missile.
As such, the Tunguska will have the option to either fire its 9M311 Missiles in either ACLOS, or SACLOS modes, as well as using its dual 2A38 30mm cannons, making it an extremely formidable adversary.
Credits
Model: DiCE
Texture: [R-DEV]Spush & DiCE
Export: DiCE
Coding: [R-DEV]Mats391
GWS-24 Sea Cat
Keep your eyes peeled for a dedicated update on this weapon and this segment of this update will be updated when it comes!